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GUNUNG · Pulau Norfolk (Australia)

Mount Bates

Maun Biets (Norf'k / Pitcairn-Norfolk); Mount Bates (Inggris)

Source
Mount Bates

Hutan Norfolk Island National Park and Botanic Garden dengan Norfolk pine (Araucaria heterophylla) dan pakis pohon — foto bergeotag di -29,0261 / 167,9406, yaitu bagian Botanic Garden di kaki selatan massif Mount Pitt–Mount Bates, sekitar 1,7 km dari puncak. INI FOTO LANSKAP KAWASAN TAMAN NASIONAL, BUKAN FOTO PUNCAK MOUNT BATES. Foto oleh pengguna Wikimedia Commons Casliber, 22 Januari 2018, lisensi CC BY-SA 4.0.. Photo: source

Information

Elevation
319 m
Country
Pulau Norfolk (Australia) (NF)
Location / Range
Bagian barat laut Pulau Norfolk, di dalam seksi Mount Pitt dari Norfolk Island National Park and Botanic Garden (Parks Australia / Director of National Parks). Wikidata menempatkannya pada 'mountain range' Pulau Norfolk itu sendiri, karena pulau ini tidak punya pegunungan dalam arti benua — hanya sepasang puncak kembar, Mount Bates (319 m) dan tetangganya Mount Pitt yang hanya sekitar satu meter lebih rendah. Kedua puncak dihubungkan langsung oleh Summit Track dan bersama-sama membentuk atap Pulau Norfolk. Secara regional, gunung ini berdiri di Norfolk Ridge di Laut Tasman, sekitar 1.400–1.500 km timur laut Sydney dan kira-kira di tengah segitiga Australia–Selandia Baru–Kaledonia Baru.
Mountain type
Sisa puncak gunung api perisai basaltik yang sudah lama padam dan tererosi dalam — bukan kerucut vulkanik yang masih utuh. Wikidata mengklasifikasikannya sebagai gunung (P31 = mountain) dengan ketinggian 319 meter, terletak di dalam kawasan lindung Norfolk Island National Park. Geoscience Australia menggambarkan seluruh Pulau Norfolk sebagai puncak sisa (mountain top remnant) dari sebuah gunung api perisai memanjang yang sebagian besar tubuhnya kini berada di bawah permukaan laut, di sepanjang Norfolk Ridge. Halaman geologi Parks Australia menyatakan bahwa pulau ini muncul dari aktivitas vulkanik di kaki Mt Pitt dan Mt Bates, dan batuan basalt menjadi fondasi hampir seluruh kawasan taman nasional. Wikipedia mencatat Pulau Norfolk dan Phillip Island terbentuk dari beberapa letusan basaltik antara sekitar 3,1 dan 2,3 juta tahun lalu, dengan empat satuan basalt utama — Ball Bay (tertua), Duncombe Bay (sekitar 2,66–2,69 juta tahun), Cascade (sekitar 2,4 juta tahun), dan Steeles Point (termuda) — sebelum aktivitas berhenti pada akhir Pliosen. Sebagian besar pulau kini berupa plateau yang tersusun dari lembar-lembar basalt mendatar, dan Mount Bates bersama Mount Pitt adalah sisa tertinggi dari plateau itu. Karena asal basaltiknya, tanah di kawasan ini adalah krasnozem merah yang subur dan berstruktur baik, tetapi Parks Australia juga menegaskan tanah tersebut gembur dan porus sehingga rentan erosi, tanah longsor, dan pergerakan tanah bila tutupan vegetasi rusak atau hujan turun deras.
Volcanic?
Yes — volcano
Coordinates
-29.0112, 167.9400
Difficulty
Mudah. Ini adalah salah satu titik tertinggi teritorial paling ramah pemula di dunia: jalan beraspal membawa kendaraan hampir sampai ke pelana antara Mount Pitt dan Mount Bates, sehingga sebagian besar pengunjung hanya perlu berjalan beberapa ratus meter. Parks Australia memberi Mount Bates Track (650 m sekali jalan) tingkat Grade 2 pada Walking Track Grading System mereka — 'cocok untuk hampir semua usia; permukaan jalur diperkeras atau dipadatkan, mungkin ada tanjakan landai dan sesekali anak tangga'. Summit Track (660 m sekali jalan) yang menghubungkan puncak Mount Pitt dan Mount Bates diberi Grade 3, yaitu 'disarankan punya sedikit pengalaman bushwalking; jalur bisa punya ruas tanjakan pendek yang curam, permukaan kasar, dan banyak anak tangga'. Catatan lapangan sejalan dengan itu: Warren ZL2AJ menyebut perjalanan 500 meter dari parkir Mount Pitt ke puncak Mount Bates tidak menuntut kendaraan khusus maupun tingkat kebugaran tertentu, sementara Paul VK5PAS menggambarkan jalurnya turun beberapa anak tangga dulu lalu menanjak perlahan menembus hutan pakis dan pine. Kanal Danuta Hulajko bahkan menyebutnya 'jalan pendek dan mudah dari parkir Mount Pitt'. Yang lebih menuntut adalah lingkar panjangnya: Aussie Bushwalking menilai rangkaian Old Mountain Track – Mount Bates Track – Summit Track – Mount Pitt sebagai 'medium', 3,7 km pulang pergi, sekitar 90 menit, dengan total naik sekitar 140 meter; dan Bird Rock Track (760 m) disebut Parks Australia sebagai salah satu jalur tersulit di taman karena menurun tajam menembus hutan pine menuju lookout pantai. Namun bahkan pada varian terpanjang pun tidak ada ruas teknis, tidak ada scrambling wajib, dan tidak ada bagian bertali.
Best Season
Sepanjang tahun. Parks Australia sendiri menulis bahwa Pulau Norfolk adalah tempat yang menyenangkan untuk dikunjungi kapan saja, dengan iklim subtropis yang diredam Samudra Pasifik: suhu rata-rata 19–25 °C pada musim panas dan 14–19 °C pada musim dingin, sementara suhu air berkisar 19–22 °C sepanjang tahun. Curah hujan tahunan sekitar 1.100 mm dan tidak ada musim kering sejati, tetapi hujan lebih jarang pada musim semi hingga awal musim panas belahan selatan (sekitar September–Januari) dan lebih sering pada akhir musim gugur sampai musim dingin (sekitar Mei–Agustus). Karena itu jendela paling nyaman untuk berjalan kaki di taman nasional adalah Oktober sampai Maret, ketika hari lebih panjang, jalur lebih kering, dan lantai hutan tidak selicin musim dingin. Periode Oktober–Maret juga bertepatan dengan musim burung laut: Parks Australia menyebut udara di sekitar Red Stone Link Track penuh dengan white tern, black noddy, dan red-tailed tropicbird pada bulan-bulan itu — bonus besar bagi pengamat burung yang menggabungkan Mount Bates dengan jalur pesisir. Kompensasinya, Oktober–Maret juga bulan-bulan paling panas dan paling minim naungan di puncak; catatan Warren ZL2AJ yang mendaki pada Januari mengeluhkan panas dan sulitnya mencari tempat teduh di area puncak yang terbuka. Untuk hari tunggal, pagi hari atau menjelang sore adalah pilihan terbaik: cahaya di atas pantai utara lebih lembut dan panas belum menumpuk. Perkiraan cuaca resmi tersedia dari Bureau of Meteorology, yang dirujuk langsung oleh halaman 'When to come' Parks Australia.
Permits & Rules
Tidak ada tiket masuk dan tidak ada izin pendakian. Norfolk Island National Park and Botanic Garden dikelola Parks Australia (Director of National Parks, Pemerintah Australia) dan situs pariwisata resmi Norfolk Island menyatakan masuk taman gratis serta kawasan taman terbuka 24 jam; Discovery Centre di Botanic Garden (Mission Road, sekitar lima menit dari Burnt Pine) buka Senin–Jumat pukul 09.00–15.00. Halaman Permits Parks Australia menegaskan izin hanya diperlukan untuk kegiatan tertentu — penelitian; pengambilan gambar, foto, atau rekaman audio untuk tujuan komersial termasuk karya seni; penyelenggaraan acara; serta tur atau kegiatan komersial — dan permohonannya diajukan lewat Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. Jadi pendaki biasa tidak perlu mengurus apa pun. Akses jalan: dari bundaran Burnt Pine ambil Taylors Road ke barat, lalu Grassy Road ke utara melewati rumah sakit, terus lurus di Mission Road menjadi Mount Pitt Road, dan parkir tepat di luar gerbang taman; dari sana Old Mountain Track dan jalan menuju parkir Mount Pitt dimulai. Titik masuk lain adalah Red Road car park (awal Red Road Track menuju Mount Bates), Palm Glen, dan Captain Cook Monument di pesisir utara. Anjing boleh dibawa dengan tali. Fasilitas piknik tersedia di Captain Cook Monument dan Palm Glen, dan Parks Australia menawarkan jalan-jalan berpemandu ranger gratis selama 30 menit di Botanic Garden setiap Senin (kecuali hari libur nasional) pukul 13.30 — perlu pemesanan. Peta jalur resmi bisa diunduh sebagai PDF dari situs taman, dan tersedia pula aplikasi resmi taman nasional. Perlu dicatat bahwa untuk mencapai Pulau Norfolk sendiri dibutuhkan penerbangan dari Sydney, Brisbane, atau Auckland dan berlaku aturan biosekuriti Australia yang ketat.
Hazards
Risikonya rendah tetapi bukan nol, dan hampir semuanya berkaitan dengan permukaan jalur, tepi tebing, dan panas. Parks Australia membuka halaman keselamatannya dengan kabar melegakan: Pulau Norfolk adalah tempat yang sangat aman, tidak ada ular sama sekali di pulau ini, dan sebagian besar laba-labanya tidak berbahaya — bahkan yang berukuran besar. Laba-laba besar itu memang akan Anda temui: Paul VK5PAS mencatat golden orb web spider yang merajut jaring di antara vegetasi sepanjang jalur menuju Mount Bates, aktif pada siang hari, berbisa tetapi tidak mematikan bagi manusia. Bahaya yang nyata justru lebih membosankan. Pertama, jalur licin sesudah hujan; Parks Australia secara khusus meminta pengunjung ekstra hati-hati setelah hujan karena jalur bisa menjadi licin, dan halaman geologi taman menjelaskan alasannya — tanah krasnozem dan tanah tipis di kawasan ini gembur serta porus, mudah tererosi dan mengalami pergerakan tanah atau longsoran kecil ketika hujan deras. Kedua, tepi tebing. Instruksi resmi taman adalah menjauh dari tepi tebing; ini terutama berlaku pada varian pesisir yang sering digabungkan dengan Mount Bates, yaitu Bridle Track dan Bird Rock Track yang berujung pada lookout di atas laut. Bird Rock Track sendiri disebut Parks Australia sebagai salah satu jalur paling menantang di taman karena turunannya tajam — mereka menyarankan pulang lewat Red Stone Link Track untuk menghindari tanjakan balik yang berat. Ketiga, panas dan dehidrasi. Area puncak Mount Bates relatif terbuka; Warren ZL2AJ yang berada di sana pada Januari menggambarkan panas yang menyengat, naungan yang langka, dan bahkan peralatan radionya mati setelah dua jam, kemungkinan karena baterai habis atau kepanasan. Parks Australia meminta pengunjung membawa air yang cukup, memakai tabir surya dan topi, serta alas kaki yang kokoh. Keempat, reruntuhan Perang Dunia II. Di puncak terdapat sisa galian dan lantai beton bekas stasiun radar RNZAF serta, pada Old Mountain Track, sisa dudukan meriam — struktur tua yang sebaiknya tidak dipanjat. Kelima, aturan taman: tetap di jalur bertanda agar tidak merusak tumbuhan dan memicu erosi, awasi anak-anak, patuhi arahan ranger, dan jangan menggunakan sepeda gunung, mobil, quad-bike, atau motor di jalur pejalan kaki. Terakhir, pertimbangan logistik: Pulau Norfolk sangat terpencil, fasilitas medis lanjutan terbatas, dan evakuasi medis ke daratan Australia berarti penerbangan panjang — asuransi perjalanan yang mencakup medevac adalah hal yang masuk akal, meski jalur pendakiannya sendiri sederhana.

Description

Mount Bates is the highest point of Norfolk Island, an Australian external territory in the Tasman Sea, at 319 metres above sea level. It stands in the island's north-western quadrant, only about one metre higher than its close neighbour Mount Pitt — a margin so slight that many visitors spend their time at the Mount Pitt lookout without realising the island's true summit lies 660 metres of walking away across the ridge. In Norf'k, the Pitcairn-Norfolk creole spoken by the descendants of the Bounty mutineers, the name is recorded as Maun Biets. Geologically, Mount Bates is not a mountain in the continental sense but the highest remnant of a long-extinct volcano. Geoscience Australia describes the whole of Norfolk Island as the mountain-top remnant of an elongated shield volcano whose bulk now lies submerged along the Norfolk Ridge; Parks Australia states that the island rose out of volcanic activity at the base of Mt Pitt and Mt Bates. Wikipedia records that Norfolk and Phillip Islands formed through several basaltic eruptions between roughly 3.1 and 2.3 million years ago, leaving four main basalt units — Ball Bay, Duncombe Bay, Cascade and Steeles Point — now stacked as horizontal basalt sheets forming the island plateau. There has been no volcanic activity since the late Pliocene; what remains is fertile but friable red krasnozem soil, easily eroded, and a pair of forested peaks that form the island's roof. Almost all of Mount Bates lies within Norfolk Island National Park and Botanic Garden. According to the park's official history page, the first section was declared on 31 January 1986, with the Phillip Island section proclaimed on 24 January 1996. Wikipedia gives the park's total area as about 6.5 km² — 4.6 km² in the Mount Pitt section on the main island, plus 1.9 km² of Phillip Island and much smaller Nepean Island. The park protects 182 native plant species, 40 of them endemic, and is the sole habitat of the Norfolk Island green parrot (Norfolk parakeet) and the white-chested white-eye. Its conservation importance stems directly from the island's history: Parks Australia explains that large-scale clearing during the second convict settlement from 1825, followed by lemon, passionfruit and banana farming, forestry plantations and cattle pasture after the Pitcairn Islanders arrived on 8 June 1856, turned most of Norfolk into a pastoral landscape of rolling green hills. The original subtropical rainforest that once blanketed the island now survives essentially only on the slopes of Mount Pitt and Mount Bates — which is exactly what you walk through on the climb. Mount Bates's most surprising history is not climbing history but scientific history. During the Second World War the Royal New Zealand Air Force built a 200 MHz radar station on its summit, exploiting the 360-degree horizon to detect aircraft. Between 27 March and 1 April 1945, operators at the Mt Bates station logged a large, unexplained increase in 'radio noise' around sunrise and sunset. The officer in charge, Les Hepburn, reported it to New Zealand, and Dr Elizabeth Alexander of the Radio Development Laboratory in Wellington led an investigation involving five radar stations over several months in 1945. The conclusion: during periods of sunspot activity the sun emits radio waves. The phenomenon became known as the 'Norfolk Island effect', and the discovery was one of the most important milestones in the post-war birth of radio astronomy — a field in which Australia became a world power within five years. Dr Alexander, a physicist and geologist by training, thereby became the first woman in the world to work in what would come to be called radio astronomy. Today the excavations and concrete floors of that radar station can still be seen on the summit of Mount Bates, and remnants of a gun emplacement from the same era survive on the Old Mountain Track. Climbing Mount Bates is far easier than reaching almost any other territorial high point. A sealed road brings vehicles to the Mount Pitt car park; from there the 660-metre Summit Track follows the ridge between the two peaks through tea-tree forest and stately Norfolk pines, with panoramic views across the island and along the coast. Alternatively the 650-metre Mount Bates Track — a wide, grassy path skirting the top edge of the ridge through palm forest, with views to the island's south-east and, at its end, the radar station relics and views to the north-west. Parks Australia grades the Mount Bates Track as Grade 2 and the Summit Track as Grade 3. Walkers wanting more can link them into a circuit: Aussie Bushwalking documents the Old Mountain Track – Mount Bates Track – Summit Track – Mount Pitt sequence as 3.7 km return in about 90 minutes with roughly 140 metres of climb, graded medium. The more ambitious can approach from the coast via the 1.7 km Bridle Track from the Captain Cook Monument, then climb the 1.3 km Red Road Track from the Red Road car park towards the summit. The appeal is a rare combination: a 360-degree panorama of a small volcanic island surrounded by open Pacific, subtropical rainforest that has all but vanished elsewhere on the island, endemic birds found nowhere else on earth, and wartime ruins that changed the history of astronomy — all reachable on under a kilometre of walking. The park holds more than nine kilometres of tracks in total, enough to fill two or three days of easy walking. For hikers used to mountains thousands of metres high, Mount Bates offers something different: not a physical test, but perhaps the highest density of story per metre of elevation anywhere in the South Pacific.

Routes

Lingkar Old Mountain Track – Mount Bates – Summit Track – Mount Pitt

Medium (Aussie Bushwalking) — tanpa ruas teknis maupun scrambling wajib
3.70 km +140 m ± 90 menit (pulang-pergi)

A circuit linking the Old Mountain Track, Mount Bates Track, Summit Track and Mount Pitt into one easy 3.7 km outing with about 140 m of climb in ~90 minutes. It passes the island's surviving native subtropical rainforest (now essentially confined to the Mount Pitt and Bates slopes), the radar ruins and an old gun emplacement on the Old Mountain Track. Documented by Aussie Bushwalking.

Source

Mount Bates Track

Grade 2 (Parks Australia) — cocok untuk hampir semua usia; permukaan diperkeras/dipadatkan, tanjakan landai
0.65 km ± 15–20 menit sekali jalan

A wide, grassy 650 m path skirting the top edge of the ridge through palm forest, with views to the island's south-east. At its end lie the relics of the WWII RNZAF radar station — where the 'Norfolk Island effect' was first logged in 1945 — and views to the north-west. One of the most beginner-friendly territorial high points in the world.

Source

Summit Track (Mount Pitt ↔ Mount Bates)

Grade 3 (Parks Australia) — sedikit pengalaman bushwalking disarankan; ada ruas tanjakan pendek curam & banyak anak tangga
0.66 km ± 15–25 menit sekali jalan

A 660 m path along the ridge between the island's twin peaks, from the Mount Pitt car park/lookout to the true summit of Mount Bates (319 m). It passes through tea-tree forest and towering Norfolk pines with panoramic island and coastal views. Easiest access of all: a sealed road brings vehicles almost to the saddle between the peaks. Parks Australia grades it 3 for short steep sections and steps.

Source

Climbing Experiences

First-hand accounts of Mount Bates come from two very different groups, and together they give a complete picture. The first group is amateur radio operators. Mount Bates is listed in the Summits on the Air programme as VK9/NO-001, worth two points, and also in the World Wide Flora & Fauna programme as VKFF-0392 because it sits inside Norfolk Island National Park — a combination that makes it a compulsory destination for anyone bringing a radio to Norfolk Island. Because these operators write meticulous reports and measure everything, their notes are the most careful field documentation available for this summit. The second group is tourists and travel vloggers, who show what the place feels like for an ordinary visitor. Every source agrees on one point: the climb is very easy. The same figure recurs — about 500 metres of walking from the Mount Pitt car park, down a few steps first, then a gentle climb through fern and Norfolk pine forest to the top. Warren ZL2AJ stresses that no special vehicle or fitness level is required. The official Parks Australia figure for the Summit Track is 660 metres one way, slightly longer than walkers' estimates, and Aussie Bushwalking measures the full circuit at 3.7 km return in about 90 minutes. A second theme is that the view does not always match expectations. Several accounts warn that the Mount Bates summit itself is heavily forested with limited outlook, so the promised 360-degree panorama is actually easier to obtain from the Mount Pitt lookout across the ridge. What makes Mount Bates interesting is not the panorama but what lies on the ground: the excavations and concrete floors of a Royal New Zealand Air Force radar station from the Second World War — the birthplace of the 'Norfolk Island effect' that changed the history of radio astronomy. Nearly every field account names these ruins as their biggest surprise. A third theme is heat and shade. The summit area is relatively open; Warren ZL2AJ, who climbed in January on his honeymoon, describes fierce heat and a struggle to find shade until he settled against a fence line — his radio even shut down after two hours, probably from a flat or overheated battery. Paul VK5PAS meanwhile records a detail typical of subtropical forest: golden orb web spiders spinning large webs between the vegetation along the track, active by day, venomous but not dangerous to humans. He also notes visible habitat restoration work along the route — introduced species removed and replaced with natives. The last theme is perspective. Some vloggers close not with numbers but with reflection. Danuta Hulajko, for instance, writes that being on Norfolk Island made her realise how many resources people waste on the mainland. That is perhaps the most honest summary of Mount Bates: a 319-metre summit that does not test your legs at all, but tends to change how you think about scale.

References

The summary above is compiled from the following sources. Click to explore them yourself.

  1. 1 Wikipedia Mount Bates en.wikipedia.org · EN
  2. 2 Wikipedia Norfolk Island — geologi basalt 3,1–2,3 juta tahun & geografi en.wikipedia.org · EN
  3. 3 Wikipedia Norfolk Island National Park — luas 6,5 km², 182 tumbuhan asli, 40 endemik en.wikipedia.org · EN
  4. 4 Wikipedia Elizabeth Alexander — penyelidik 'Norfolk Island effect' 1945 en.wikipedia.org · EN
  5. 5 Wikidata Mount Bates (Q1361458) — 319 m, P31 mountain, label Norf'k 'Maun Biets' wikidata.org · EN
  6. 6 Official Site Walks — daftar resmi jalur & grade (Mount Bates Track 650 m, Summit Track 660 m, Bridle Track 1,7 km, Red Road Track 1,3 km) norfolkislandnationalpark.gov.au · EN
  7. 7 Official Site Geology — pulau muncul dari aktivitas vulkanik di kaki Mt Pitt & Mt Bates; tanah krasnozem gembur rentan erosi norfolkislandnationalpark.gov.au · EN
  8. 8 Official Site History — seksi pertama taman dideklarasikan 31 Januari 1986; Phillip Island 24 Januari 1996 norfolkislandnationalpark.gov.au · EN
  9. 9 Official Site When to come — iklim subtropis, 19–25 °C musim panas, 14–19 °C musim dingin norfolkislandnationalpark.gov.au · EN
  10. 10 Official Site Staying safe — tidak ada ular, jalur licin sesudah hujan, jauhi tepi tebing norfolkislandnationalpark.gov.au · EN
  11. 11 Official Site Permits — izin hanya untuk riset, pengambilan gambar komersial, acara & tur komersial norfolkislandnationalpark.gov.au · EN
  12. 12 Official Site Walking Track Grading System — definisi Grade 1–5 parksaustralia.gov.au · EN
  13. 13 Official Site Norfolk Island — sisa puncak gunung api perisai memanjang di Norfolk Ridge ga.gov.au · EN
  14. 14 Official Site Protected Planet — Norfolk Island protectedplanet.net · EN
  15. 15 Encyclopedia Norfolk Island National Park — masuk gratis, buka 24 jam, >9 km jalur, Summit Walk Mt Pitt–Mt Bates norfolkisland.com.au · EN
  16. 16 Encyclopedia Mount Pitt — 3,7 km pulang pergi, ~90 menit, medium, naik ~140 m lewat Old Mountain / Mt Bates / Summit Track aussiebushwalking.com · EN
  17. 17 Encyclopedia Mount Bates (319 m) — Australia peakvisor.com · EN
  18. 18 Encyclopedia Norfolk Island Nat Park (Casliber, 2018, CC BY-SA 4.0) commons.wikimedia.org · EN
  19. 19 Media Ears and Echoes: Radio and radar in Wartime Norfolk — stasiun radar RNZAF Mt Bates & 'Norfolk Island effect' norfolkisland.net · EN