GUNUNG · Turkmenistan
Aýrybaba
Aýrybaba (Turkmen) — Айрыбаба (Rusia), Ayribobo choʻqqisi (Uzbek), Ayribaba / Airybaba (transliterasi lain)
Source
Massif Aýrybaba, titik tertinggi Turkmenistan, dilihat ke arah barat laut — foto memperlihatkan keseluruhan massif punggungan Köýtendag, bukan potret dekat puncaknya. Foto oleh Eric Gilbertson (countryhighpoints.com), lisensi CC BY-SA 4.0.. Photo: source
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Source: Open-Meteo
Information
- Elevation
- 3.139 m
- Country
- Turkmenistan (TM)
- Location / Range
- Punggungan Köýtendag / Kugitangtau — taji paling barat daya rangkaian Gissar dalam sistem Pamir-Alay, membentang di perbatasan tenggara Turkmenistan (Etrap Köýtendag, Welaýat Lebap) dengan Uzbekistan (Wilayah Surxondaryo). Kawasan sekitarnya dilindungi sebagai Cagar Alam Negara Köýtendag (Köýtendag State Nature Reserve) beserta beberapa suaka pendukung.
- Mountain type
- Puncak batu gamping-dolomit non-vulkanik pada punggungan karst. Aýrybaba bukan gunung api: ia adalah bagian tertinggi hulu antiklinal Köýtendag (Kugitangtau), taji paling barat daya sistem Pamir-Alay yang menjulur dari Pegunungan Gissar. Batuannya, seperti dicatat basis data geografi Silk Road Adventures dan berkas nominasi UNESCO milik Turkmenistan, adalah batuan sedimen — terutama batu gamping serta lapisan bergipsum dari Perem sampai Jura — yang seluruh massifnya terkarstifikasi hebat. Berkas UNESCO menyebut kawasan ini tersusun dari batuan Prakambrium, Paleozoikum, Mesozoikum, dan Kainozoikum yang kaya fosil moluska, brakiopoda, dan dinosaurus. Konsekuensi geologis itu terasa langsung bagi pendaki: air permukaan langka karena meresap ke bawah tanah, sementara di kedalaman terbentuk sungai, danau, dan lorong gua yang menjadikan Köýtendag salah satu kawasan gua terpenting di Asia Tengah. Nama Aýrybaba sendiri, menurut Wikipedia Rusia dan situs pemerintah Turkmenistan, berarti kira-kira "gunung suci yang terbelah" (aýry = terpisah/bercabang, baba = orang suci atau kakek) — merujuk pada dua puncak kembar bersalju yang berdiri berdampingan: Puncak Utama sekitar 3.137–3.139 m dan Puncak Utara sekitar 3.100 m. Prominensinya menurut Wikidata dan Wikipedia Inggris mencapai 1.639 m, sehingga Aýrybaba tergolong ultra-prominent peak sekaligus titik tertinggi negara.
- Volcanic?
- No (non-volcanic)
- Coordinates
- 37.8333, 66.5667
- Difficulty
- Secara teknis bukan pendakian sulit, tetapi secara logistik dan administratif termasuk salah satu titik tertinggi negara yang paling sukar dijangkau di dunia. Jalur normal dari sisi Turkmenistan pada dasarnya adalah perjalanan panjang menembus lembah dan hutan juniper (arça) menuju kemah dasar di sekitar 2.000 mdpl, lalu tanjakan salju dan punggungan batu menuju puncak — tanpa keharusan pemanjatan teknis, tetapi dengan beda tinggi lebih dari seribu meter dari kemah dasar dan medan bersalju sepanjang sebagian besar musim pendakian tradisionalnya. Catatan klub alpine Agama Ashgabat memperlihatkan bahwa hambatan terbesar justru ada di bagian pendekatan: pada ekspedisi Februari 2010 kendaraan segala medan gagal menempuh separuh ruas menuju kordon Halpa-baba, sehingga seluruh perlengkapan, bahan makanan, dan peralatan harus dipanggul sendiri ke ketinggian 2.000 m, dan rombongan terpaksa bermalam darurat di hutan arça karena tidak sampai ke lokasi kemah dasar sebelum matahari terbenam. Pada ekspedisi musim semi 2016, kelompok beranggotakan 11 orang mendirikan kemah dasar di 2.000 m pada 30 April dan seluruhnya mencapai Puncak Utama 3.137 m keesokan harinya, lalu 7 orang melanjutkan ke Puncak Utara 3.100 m dan semuanya turun kembali ke kemah dasar pada sore hari — gambaran bahwa hari puncaknya panjang tetapi dapat ditempuh pendaki pemula yang dipandu instruktur berpengalaman. Situs pemerintah Turkmenistan menegaskan bahwa hanya pendaki berpengalaman dengan perlengkapan memadai yang mampu mencapai puncak. Dari sisi Uzbekistan, ceritanya berbeda sama sekali: Eric Gilbertson menyebut pendekatan itu menuntut jalan kaki sekitar 20 mil (kira-kira 32 km) plus mengatasi tebing setinggi 300 m yang justru menandai garis perbatasan.
- Best Season
- Tidak ada "musim pendakian" yang mapan karena pendakian di sini sangat jarang dan hampir selalu terikat pada ekspedisi terorganisasi. Yang jelas dari data iklim: Aýrybaba adalah satu-satunya tempat di Turkmenistan yang tertutup salju berbulan-bulan, menurut Wikipedia Rusia dari Oktober sampai Mei, sedangkan catatan Silk Road Adventures menyebut November sampai Mei; curah hujan tahunan sekitar 350–400 mm dan sebagian aliran air berhulu di ladang salju pada ketinggian sekitar 3.000 m. Dalam praktiknya ada dua jendela yang benar-benar dipakai. Pertama, Februari — bukan karena cuacanya ramah, melainkan karena tradisi: klub Agama Ashgabat sejak 2009 mendaki tiap tahun untuk mengibarkan bendera negara, biasanya bertepatan dengan Hari Bendera Negara, dan ekspedisi Februari 2010 mencatat suhu malam turun sampai minus 15 derajat Celsius di kemah hutan arça. Kedua, akhir April sampai awal Mei — dipakai ekspedisi 2016, saat salju di punggungan masih ada tetapi lembah-lembah sudah menghijau, air lelehan mengalir deras di ngarai, dan air terjun es musiman di Ngarai Umbardere masih terbentuk. Reportase lama tentang Kugitang menggambarkan ritme tahunan kawasan ini dengan jelas: beberapa bulan dalam setahun kaki gunungnya menyerupai padang tandus yang dihantam badai pasir dari selatan, angin musim dingin menimbun kaki bukit dengan salju, dan hanya pada musim semi lereng-lerengnya tertutup rumput hijau dan tulip merah sementara ribuan anak sungai berubah menjadi banjir bandang. Musim panas praktis tidak dianjurkan: sumber air permukaan mengering, rumput terbakar matahari, dan panas Asia Tengah membuat pendekatan panjang tanpa naungan menjadi berbahaya.
- Permits & Rules
- Ini bagian tersulit dan tidak boleh diremehkan — jauh lebih menentukan daripada kesulitan medannya. Aýrybaba berdiri persis di garis batas Turkmenistan–Uzbekistan, sebagian besar berada di dalam kawasan Cagar Alam Negara Köýtendag, dan seluruh wilayahnya termasuk zona perbatasan yang aksesnya dikendalikan ketat. Eric Gilbertson, yang menuntaskan puncak tertinggi ketujuh negara berakhiran "-stan" di Aýrybaba pada 2023, menyatakan terus terang bahwa pendakian resmi menuntut pemberitahuan berbulan-bulan sebelumnya, izin khusus, dan pemandu — dan bahwa selama tiga tahun sebelumnya Turkmenistan sama sekali tidak menerbitkan visa turis, meski negara itu mulai membuka diri kembali. Ia juga menyebut bahwa mendaki dari sisi Uzbekistan memang mungkin secara geografis, tetapi berisiko besar karena harus berurusan dengan patroli perbatasan kedua negara; cacumen tidak menganjurkan jalur semacam itu. Pendakian-pendakian yang benar-benar terlaksana dari sisi Turkmenistan semuanya berlangsung dengan dukungan resmi: catatan klub Agama menyebut pendakian tahunan diselenggarakan atas bantuan Komite Negara untuk Pariwisata dan Olahraga, Kementerian Perlindungan Alam Turkmenistan, serta staf Cagar Alam Köýtendag; laporan perjalanan 2016 secara khusus berterima kasih kepada Şanyýaz Menliýew, kepala bagian ilmiah cagar alam tersebut, dan menginap di wisma cagar alam di sela-sela perjalanan. Ekspedisi "Voskhozhdeniye" Februari 2017 yang membawa simbol Asian Games ke puncak diselenggarakan Kantor Berita Negara Turkmenistan bersama Komite Eksekutif persiapan Asian Games V. Kesimpulan praktisnya: rencanakan lewat agen perjalanan berlisensi Turkmenistan (misalnya operator yang menawarkan program Köýtendag dan Plato Dinosaurus), siapkan surat izin zona perbatasan dan izin masuk cagar alam, dan hitung waktu pengurusan dalam hitungan bulan, bukan minggu. Selain pendaki, gunung ini juga dikunjungi peziarah: situs pemerintah Turkmenistan menyebut sekitar lima puluh peziarah naik setiap tahun ke makam batu di puncak.
- Hazards
- Bahaya paling nyata di Aýrybaba adalah kombinasi keterpencilan, cuaca dingin, dan medan karst yang tidak memaafkan kesalahan navigasi. Laporan ekspedisi Februari 2017 yang dimuat kantor berita negara Turkmenistan menggambarkan kondisi musim dingin di sana dengan gamblang: angin berlawanan arah yang melemparkan butiran es tajam, salju sedalam pinggang yang harus ditembus, risiko radang beku sekaligus luka bakar matahari di ketinggian, batu-batu licin di tepi jurang, dan perubahan cuaca yang mendadak serta cepat. Catatan ekspedisi 2010 menambahkan angka konkret: suhu malam di kemah hutan arça pada ketinggian sekitar 2.000 m turun sampai minus 15 derajat Celsius. Kedua, medannya. Silk Road Adventures mencatat lereng-lereng Aýrybaba sangat terjal dan lereng timurnya berupa tebing yang praktis tidak dapat dilalui manusia — artinya kesalahan memilih sisi turun bisa berakibat fatal. Karst membuat masalah air menjadi khas: aliran permukaan bisa hilang mendadak ke bawah tanah, dan di ngarai-ngarai sekitarnya terdapat ratusan grotto serta puluhan gua panjang yang tidak boleh dimasuki tanpa keahlian speleologi. Ketiga, banjir bandang. Reportase klasik tentang Kugitang menggambarkan bagaimana pada musim semi jutaan anak sungai di ngarai sempit "mengambil ancang-ancang" dan berubah menjadi sel — banjir lumpur-batu yang meraung — sehingga berkemah di dasar ngarai sempit pada musim lelehan salju adalah risiko yang harus dihitung. Keempat, akses. Ekspedisi 2010 memperlihatkan bahwa kendaraan segala medan pun bisa gagal menembus jalan gunung menuju kordon Halpa-baba, memaksa seluruh beban dipanggul manusia — kegagalan logistik semacam ini di kawasan tanpa sinyal dan tanpa layanan penyelamatan modern jauh lebih serius daripada di pegunungan populer. Kelima, faktor hukum. Karena puncaknya berada di ruas perbatasan yang dijaga ketat, tersesat melewati garis batas bukan sekadar kesalahan navigasi melainkan persoalan hukum yang berat; Gilbertson secara eksplisit menyebut risiko tertangkap patroli perbatasan kedua negara. Terakhir, satwa: kawasan ini masih menjadi habitat markhor, arkal/mouflon, dan lynx, serta menurut catatan lama juga macan tutul salju dan varanus abu-abu — perjumpaan langka, tetapi mengingatkan bahwa ini kawasan lindung yang aturannya harus dipatuhi, bukan taman rekreasi.
Description
Aýrybaba — Айрыбаба in Russian, Ayribobo choʻqqisi in Uzbek — is the highest point of Turkmenistan and the highest summit of the entire Köýtendag (Kugitangtau) range. It stands in the far south-east of the country, right on the border with Uzbekistan, and marks the south-westernmost end of the Pamir-Alay mountain system: the Gissar range throws out one last spur to the south-west, and that spur rises from the desert as a rocky massif with two pointed snow caps. Its stated height has never been fully consistent, and that is worth saying plainly. Wikidata, Russian Wikipedia and nearly all official Turkmen sources give 3,139 metres; English Wikipedia lists 3,138 metres; the more technical entry at Silk Road Adventures gives 3,137.7 metres, and expedition reports by the Agama alpine club of Ashgabat write "Main summit 3,137 m". The differences are small, but they reflect something real: this mountain is almost never openly resurveyed. Even the coordinates differ between sources — Wikidata records roughly 37.83°N / 66.57°E, while English Wikipedia gives 37°47′15″N 66°33′24″E. What is not disputed is its prominence of 1,639 metres, which places Aýrybaba among the world's ultra-prominent peaks. The name means roughly "the divided sacred mountain": aýry means separate or forked, baba refers to a holy man or grandfather. The name is descriptive — what is called Aýrybaba is really two adjacent three-thousanders, the Main Summit and the North Summit at about 3,100 m. Local legend explains the split its own way: Noah's Ark is said to have struck this peak during the Flood, and the too-proud mountain broke in two. Another version tells of a saint who ascended to heaven from the summit, leaving behind a stone grave still visited today. On the northern slope a grotto is known locally as the "mosque of Aýry-baba". Around fifty pilgrims climb to the grave each year, walk around it, and stack small cairns believed to bring a long life. From 2004 Turkmenistan officially renamed the peak Beýik Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy while Uzbekistan kept the old name; the name Aýrybaba later returned to use. Geologically Aýrybaba is a limestone mountain, not a volcano. The massif is built of sedimentary rock — limestone and gypsum-bearing strata — that is heavily karstified. Turkmenistan's UNESCO Tentative List file "Dinosaurs and Caves of Koytendag", submitted on 16 March 2009, describes the area as spanning 900 to 3,139 metres — that upper figure being Aýrybaba itself — built of Precambrian through Cainozoic rocks rich in fossil molluscs, brachiopods and dinosaur footprints. The karst consequences are extraordinary: karst lakes such as Kattakul and Khurdzhumkul, freshwater springs, hydrogen-sulphate wells, and a cave network in which the western spurs alone hold some four hundred grottoes and more than sixty caves, seventeen of them kilometres long. Their underground lakes are home to the blind cave loach Nemacheilus starostini, which spends its whole life in darkness. These Karlyuk or Kugitang caves were already mentioned by the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus in the first century BC. The area proposed to UNESCO totals 122,366 hectares: the 27,139-hectare Köýtendag State Nature Reserve plus four supporting sanctuaries. The life around it matches the geology. Russian Wikipedia records that the Köýtendag reserve was founded in 1989 and protects 271.4 km²; snow lies here from October to May — the only place in Turkmenistan with such a long snow cover — with around 400 mm of annual precipitation. The Turkmen government site states the area holds 1,171 species, 988 plants and 183 animals, including the spiral-horned markhor, mouflon and lynx; the UNESCO file counts 982 plant species, with juniper (archa) forest mixed with tragacanth communities dominating 1,700–2,800 metres. 122 bird species are recorded. In February winter crocuses flower among the Zarafshan juniper. Older reportage adds a more dramatic list for the range: spiral-horned sheep, Bukhara goat, Turkmen lynx, snow leopard, grey monitor lizard and large-eyed snakes. Climbing Aýrybaba is a question of permits, not of technique. Eric Gilbertson, who with Andreas Frydensberg became the first to complete the highpoints of all seven "-stan" countries and closed that list on Aýrybaba in 2023, writes that the difficulty of the Turkmenistan highpoint lies entirely in its location and the country's political situation: for the three years before their trip Turkmenistan issued no tourist visas at all, and an official ascent requires months of advance notice, special permits and a guide. Because it lies on the border, the peak could in theory be climbed from the Uzbek side — but that means a roughly 20-mile hike and surmounting a 300-metre cliff that marks the border itself, with the risk of running into border patrols from either country. It is also worth stressing that this is a long-contested, slowly demarcated border section; maps and claims do not always agree, and that is part of why access is controlled so tightly. As a result almost every documented ascent comes from a single source: the Agama alpine club in Ashgabat. The Turkmen government site notes that since 2009 the club has climbed annually to raise the national flag on the summit, supported by the State Committee for Tourism and Sport, the Ministry of Nature Protection and the staff of the Köýtendag reserve. Their reports give the most concrete picture of how the mountain is actually climbed: base camp is usually set at about 2,000 metres in open juniper woodland, reached by an all-terrain vehicle drive towards the Halpa-baba ranger post that does not always succeed, followed by snow-technique practice and trail-breaking, and only then the summit day. The February 2010 expedition of 25 people had to carry all their gear to 2,000 metres after the vehicle failed halfway, bivouacked in the juniper forest at minus 15 degrees, and finally put 19 people on the summit. The spring 2016 expedition went more smoothly: 11 people set base camp on 30 April and all reached the Main Summit on 1 May, seven of them continuing to the North Summit. For visitors, Aýrybaba is rarely a destination on its own. It usually forms part of a wider Köýtendag journey, and that is precisely the appeal: the Daraý-dere gorge, the "gorge of gorges", a canyon hundreds of metres deep whose walls disappear into cloud; the Umbardere gorge with its seasonal ice waterfall formed from compacted snow melting in a narrow ravine; the Dinosaur Plateau near Hojapil village, where fossil reptile trackways are both a tourist draw and a research subject; the Kyrk Gyz grotto with its legend of forty girls saved by cliffs that opened for them; and the largest natural jujube grove in Central Asia, where reserve researchers say some trees are around 1,200 years old and all lean in the same direction. That combination — an almost untouched national highpoint, giant karst and dinosaur trackways in one area — is what put Köýtendag on the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List, both through Turkmenistan's own nomination and through a transboundary proposal with Uzbekistan.
Gallery
Foto bersumber dari Wikimedia Commons — klik untuk memperbesar & lihat sumbernya.
Routes
Rute Normal (sisi Turkmenistan) — Kordon Halpa-baba → Kemah Dasar 2.000 m → Puncak Utama 3.137 m
Non-teknis secara alpin tetapi menuntut: lereng salju sepanjang musim pendakian, crampon/kapak es dipakai, beda tinggi >1.100 m dari kemah dasar. Hambatan terbesar adalah izin dan logistik, bukan medanThis is effectively the only route actually used to reach Turkmenistan's highest point, and nearly all records of it come from the Agama alpine club in Ashgabat. The pattern is consistent: an off-road drive from the Köýtendag State Nature Reserve area to the Halpa-baba cordon, then a walk in to a base camp at about 2,000 m in open juniper (arça) woodland, followed by snow-technique practice and track-breaking, and only then the summit day. The February 2010 expedition report shows the approach cannot be taken lightly: the vehicle failed to cover even half the mountain track to Halpa-baba, so all equipment and food had to be carried up to 2,000 m by hand, the party failed to reach base camp before sunset and bivouacked in the juniper forest at minus 15 degrees Celsius; the next day 19 of 25 participants summited along the trail broken by the lead team. The spring 2016 expedition went more smoothly: base camp was set at 2,000 m on 30 April and on 1 May all 11 members reached the 3,137 m Main Peak — five of them at that altitude for the first time. Note that the summit sits on the Turkmenistan–Uzbekistan boundary inside a nature reserve and a controlled border zone, so special permits, months of advance notice and an official guide are mandatory.
Route Segments
- 1
Cagar Alam Köýtendag → kordon Halpa-baba
Ditempuh kendaraan segala medan. Pada Februari 2010 kendaraan tidak sanggup menempuh separuh ruas dan seluruh beban dipanggul manusia
- 2
Kordon Halpa-baba → Kemah Dasar (hutan arça)
Kemah dasar standar di plato bersalju dekat pohon arça besar. Suhu malam bisa turun sampai −15 °C pada Februari
- 3
Kemah Dasar → rumpun pohon (titik istirahat) → punggungan salju
Tim perintis biasanya membuka jejak sehari sebelumnya. Rombongan berhenti di rumpun pohon untuk mengatur formasi sebelum tanjakan utama
- 4
Punggungan salju → Puncak Utama 3.137 m
Lereng salju dan punggungan batu; kapak es, tali, dan harness dipakai. Di puncak terdapat makam batu yang diziarahi warga setempat
- 5
Opsional: Puncak Utama → Puncak Utara 3.100 m → turun ke Kemah Dasar
Pada 1 Mei 2016, 7 dari 11 anggota melanjutkan ke Puncak Utara sebelum semuanya turun ke kemah dasar pada sore hari
Varian pendekatan lewat Ngarai Daraý-dere (eksplorasi, bukan jalur baku)
Trekking ngarai; berisiko banjir bandang (sel) pada musim lelehan saljuAfter the 1 May 2016 climb, the Agama team spent three days in Daraý-dere — Turkmenistan's deepest gorge — and explicitly explored it as a possible alternative approach to the summit, walking the gorge bed up to the headwaters of the Daraý-dere stream and climbing to old mine adits. Its status remains exploratory: the only fully documented way to the top is still the Halpa-baba approach. The gorge itself has walls hundreds of metres high that disappear into cloud and is one of the Köýtendag area's main attractions. The chief hazard is debris flow (sel), common in narrow gorges during the spring snowmelt, so camping on the gorge floor in that period is not advised.
Route Segments
- 1
Usaha Cagar Alam Köýtendag → mulut Ngarai Daraý-dere
Tim 2016 bermalam di wisma cagar alam pada 2 Mei sebelum berangkat ke ngarai keesokan harinya
- 2
Menyusuri dasar ngarai → hulu sungai Daraý-dere
Termasuk naik ke bekas terowongan tambang. Ini ruas yang ditelusuri sebagai kemungkinan pendekatan alternatif ke Aýrybaba
Climbing Experiences
First-hand accounts of Aýrybaba are very few, and that scarcity is itself the main finding. Almost all available climbing documentation comes from one circle: the Agama alpine club in Ashgabat, which since 2009 has climbed the peak every year to raise the national flag, usually around State Flag Day in February. There are effectively no independent English-language trip reports — the one notable exception is Eric Gilbertson, who completed the highpoints of all seven "-stan" countries here in 2023 and stresses that the mountain's difficulty is entirely administrative rather than technical. Several consistent patterns emerge from those accounts. First, the hardest part is the approach, not the summit. The February 2010 expedition failed to get its all-terrain vehicle even halfway up the mountain road towards the Halpa-baba ranger post, so all gear, food and cooking equipment had to be carried on foot to 2,000 metres — and the party never reached the base-camp site before dark, bivouacking instead in juniper woodland at minus 15 degrees. Second, the camp and summit-day pattern is always the same: base camp at around 2,000 metres in open juniper woodland, a day for snow-technique practice and trail-breaking by a small experienced team, and only then a summit day with the whole group moving together. That is what allows many novices to get up: in 2010, 19 of 25 participants topped out almost simultaneously; in May 2016 all 11 participants reached the Main Summit and seven continued to the North Summit. Third, the weather is harsh and changes fast. The February 2017 expedition report describes a headwind flinging barbed ice crystals, waist-deep snow, risks of both frostbite and sunburn, and slippery rock beside precipices. Fourth, Aýrybaba is almost never a stand-alone objective. Video footage and trip reports alike place it within a wider Köýtendag journey — the hundreds-of-metres-deep Daraý-dere gorge, the Umbardere ice waterfall, the Dinosaur Plateau at Hojapil, the Kyrk Gyz grotto and the ancient jujube grove. Fifth, every documented trip took place with official backing: the State Committee for Tourism and Sport, the Ministry of Nature Protection and the staff of the Köýtendag State Nature Reserve. There is not a single record of a spontaneous unpermitted ascent from the Turkmen side — and that should be read as a warning, not as a loophole.
References
The summary above is compiled from the following sources. Click to explore them yourself.
- 1 Wikipedia Ayribobo en.wikipedia.org · EN
- 2 Wikipedia Айрыбаба ru.wikipedia.org · RU
- 3 Wikidata Aýrybaba (Q794684) wikidata.org · EN
- 4 Official Site Dinosaurs and Caves of Koytendag — Daftar Sementara Turkmenistan (16/03/2009) whc.unesco.org · EN
- 5 Official Site Karst, Canyons, and Caves of Kugitang (Turkmenistan) whc.unesco.org · EN
- 6 Official Site Ayri-Baba – sacred mountain turkmenistan.gov.tm · EN
- 7 Official Site Mount Airybaba ayan-turkmenistan.travel · EN
- 8 Encyclopedia Ayribaba mountain (Koytendagh ridge) silkadv.com · EN
- 9 Encyclopedia Koytendag (Kugitangtau) Mountains, Turkmenistan advantour.com · EN
- 10 Encyclopedia Koyten Dag Nature Reserve — Nature Reserves of Turkmenistan orexca.com · EN
- 11 Encyclopedia Highpoints of the 'Stans countryhighpoints.com · EN
- 12 Media The national flag of Turkmenistan and the symbol of Asian Games-2017 have been raised to the highest point of the country – Ayrybaba peak tdh.gov.tm · EN
- 13 Media Эхо Кугитанга vokrugsveta.ru · RU